Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae): An Ethnobotanical Review of Its Importance and Traditional Uses

Abstract

Baccaurea Lour. (Phyllanthaceae) is a genus of tropical forest plants that has long been associated with the livelihoods and cultural traditions of local communities across South and Southeast Asia. Although numerous studies have documented the taxonomy, phytochemistry, and biological activities of individual species, information regarding their ethnobotanical importance remains fragmented. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the taxonomy, diversity, geographical distribution, and ethnobotanical significance of Baccaurea. The review indicates that approximately 50 accepted Baccaurea species occur predominantly in tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia, with Indonesia representing one of the major centers of diversity. Various species produce edible fruits rich in bioactive compounds, which contribute to their nutritional and antioxidant values. Traditional medicinal applications involving fruits, leaves, bark, and roots have been increasingly supported by phytochemical and pharmacological studies demonstrating antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities. In addition, several species provide durable timber for local construction and bark-derived natural dyes for traditional handicrafts. Collectively, these findings highlight Baccaurea as a multipurpose forest genus with considerable ethnobotanical, nutritional, medicinal, and socio-economic value.